Пассивный залог (Passive Voice): be + V3 во временах
Идея за 10 секунд
Пассив (Passive) — когда объект действия становится подлежащим: Active: The chef cooks the soup. → Passive: The soup is cooked (by the chef). Формула: be + V3 (Past Participle). Время/лицо/число показывает глагол be.
Пример: The chef cooks the soup. → The soup is cooked (by the chef).
Общее образование
Кого/что действие затрагивает → ставим в подлежащее. Спрягаем be по нужному времени → прибавляем V3. При желании указываем исполнителя через by + agent: by the chef. Часто опускается, если неважен/очевиден.
V3: *done, made, taken, written, seen; для правильных — worked/cleaned и т.д.
Формы (основные времена)
- Present Simple: am/is/are + V3. Пример: The report is checked every day.
- Past Simple: was/were + V3. Пример: The report was checked yesterday.
- Future Simple: will be + V3. Пример: The report will be checked tomorrow.
- Present Continuous: am/is/are being + V3. Пример: The room is being cleaned now.
- Past Continuous: was/were being + V3. Пример: The room was being cleaned at 5.
- Present Perfect: have/has been + V3. Пример: The emails have been sent.
- Past Perfect: had been + V3. Пример: The emails had been sent by 6.
- Future Perfect: will have been + V3. Пример: The bridge will have been built by 2030.
Модальные (can/must/should…): modal + be + V3. Пример: It must be done today. / The files can be shared online.
Как преобразовать Active → Passive
- Объект активного → подлежащее пассивного.
- Ставим be в нужном времени.
- Добавляем V3 смыслового глагола.
- При необходимости — by + … (исполнитель).
Active: They are building a new school. Passive: A new school is being built (by them).
Когда Пассив уместен
- Исполнитель неизвестен/неважен/очевиден: My bike was stolen.
- Официальный стиль, отчёты, инструкции: The data are collected annually.
- Акцент на результате/объекте, а не на действующем лице.
Частые нюансы и расширения
- by-phrase: используем, когда важно кто: The novel was written by Orwell.
- Stative Passive (be + V3 как состояние): The door is closed (состояние) vs is being closed (процесс).
- Get-passive (разговорно, часто «неприятное» событие/вовлечённость): He got fired.
- Двухобъектные глаголы (give, send, show): два возможных пассива: They gave me a prize. → I was given a prize. / A prize was given to me.
- Инфинитив/Complex Object: I want it to be done.
- Безличные конструкции: It is said (that)… / He is said to… → He is said to be talented.
Ограничения/что не пассивируется
- Непереходные глаголы (без объекта): happen, arrive, exist — пассива нет.
- Разговорная избыточность: если важен исполнитель, актив часто короче/яснее.
Ошибки-ловушки
- Забывают “been/being” в перфекте/континуусе: The task has completed → has been completed. is cleaned now (процесс) → is being cleaned.
- Согласование be: Data are analyzed (в научном стиле data — мн. ч.).
- by vs with: cut with a knife (орудие), written by the author (агент).
- Смешение состояния и действия: The door is closed (состояние) ≠ is being closed (процесс).
Мини-набор шаблонов
- Процесс сейчас: X is being repaired.
- Факт/регулярность: X is/are produced in China.
- Вчера: X was/were delivered yesterday.
- К сроку: X will have been completed by Friday.
- Модальный: X must be submitted online.
Быстрые пары для тренировки
- They publish the journal quarterly. → The journal is published quarterly.
- Someone was interviewing her at 3. → She was being interviewed at 3.
- They have finished the road. → The road has been finished.
- People will build new houses here. → New houses will be built here.
- They can solve the issue today. → The issue can be solved today.
Чек-лист
- Есть объект? Нужен фокус на объекте/результате? → Passive.
- Выбери время → поставь be в этом времени → добавь V3.
- Процесс? Используй being: is being done.
- Перфект? Используй been: has been done.
- Нужен агент? Добавь by + …, иначе опусти.
