Экзам фокусу: кайсы чактан баштасаң, кийинки чактар логикалык убакытка жараша өзгөрөт. Өзгөчө кыйыр сүйлөөдө (reported speech) жана убакыттык сүйлөмдөрдө (when/after/before…) текшерилет.
Кыйыр сүйлөөдө чактын жылышы (Backshift)
Эгер баяндамачы этиши өткөн чакта болсо (said, told, asked…), анда кабардагы чак бир тепкич артка жылат.
- Present Simple → Past Simple: “I like it.” → He said (that) he liked it.
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous: “I’m working.” → She said she was working.
- Present Perfect → Past Perfect: “I’ve finished.” → He said he had finished.
- Past Simple → Past Perfect (көп учурда): “I saw him.” → She said she had seen him.
- Future (will) → would: “I’ll call.” → He said he would call.
Модалдар:
- can → could, may → might, must (обяз.) → had to
- should, would, could, might адатта өзгөрбөйт.
Маанилүү ЭСКЕ: Факт/жалпы чындык уланса — жылыштырбай коюуга болот: “Water boils at 100°C.” → He said water boils at 100°C.
Убакыт сөздөрүнүн өзгөрүшү (reported speech)
- now → then / at that time
- today → that day
- yesterday → the day before / the previous day
- tomorrow → the next/following day
- last week → the previous week
- next year → the following year
- here → there
- this → that
Past Perfect — “өткөндүн ичиндеги мурдагы”
Эки өткөн окуя болсо, биринчиси (мурдагысы) Past Perfect менен: When we arrived, the film had started already.
Фон-процесс (Past Continuous) + кийлигишкен окуя (Past Simple) да колдонулат, бирок мурда бүттү деген ой керек болсо — Past Perfect коопсуз.
Убакыттык сүйлөмдөр: келечек тууралуу — Present колдонулат
when / after / before / as soon as / until / once / if дегенден кийин келечек болсо да will жазылбайт:
- I’ll call you when I get home.
- We’ll start after we have finished the report.
- As soon as she arrives, we’ll begin.
“Future in the Past” (Өткөн көз караштан келечек)
Өткөн чекиттен келечек пландар/ниет → would / was/were going to / was to:
- He said he would help.
- She was going to call me (but didn’t).
Wish / If only (каалоо, өкүнүү) — ыраат логикасы
- Азыркы/келечектеги “өкүнүч/каалоо”: Past Simple: I wish I knew the answer.
- Өткөндөгү өкүнүү: Past Perfect: I wish I had studied harder.
- Каалоо-план (It’s time): It’s time we left.
Шарттуу сүйлөмдөр (Conditionals) — ырааттык кыскача
- Type 0: If + Present, Present (жалпы факт): If you heat ice, it melts.
- Type 1 (реал): If + Present, will + V: If it rains, we will stay.
- Type 2 (аз мүмкүн): If + Past, would + V: If I knew, I would tell you.
- Type 3 (өткөн өкүнүү): If + Past Perfect, would have + V3: If we had left earlier, we would have caught the bus.
Think / Say / Tell — чак ыраатын сактоо
- say + that-clause, tell + object + that-clause: He said (that) he was busy. She told me (that) she had finished.
- ask + if/whether / wh-: He asked if I was ready. She asked when I would arrive.
Экзамендегы типтүү каталар → туурасы
- He said he is busy. → He said he was busy. (backshift)
- I’ll call you when I will get home. → …when I get home.
- She said she has finished. → …she had finished.
- If I will see him, I’ll ask. → If I see him, I’ll ask.
- I wish I know. → I wish I knew.
Ыкчам практика (өзүңдү текшер)
- “I am tired,” she said. → She said (that) she was tired.
- “I will help you tomorrow,” he said. → He said he would help me the next day.
- “I have seen this film,” she said yesterday. → She said (yesterday) she had seen that film.
- If I were you, I would take a break. (Type 2)
- I’ll text you when I arrive.
Эреже эс тутуу: Өткөн баяндама → чак артка, келечек убакыттык сүйлөмдөрдө Present, хронологияны Past Perfect менен бекемде.
