Инфинитив: to-infinitive vs bare infinitive
Инфинитив — этиштин негизги формасы. Эки түрү практикалык мааниге ээ: to-infinitive — to + V (to go, to read), bare infinitive — to жок жөнөкөй форма (go, read).
To-infinitive — качан колдонулат?
A) Айрым этиштерден кийин (V + to V)
want, would like, plan, decide, hope, agree, refuse, promise, fail, learn, manage, pretend, forget, remember, try, offer, expect, afford, tend, seem, appear, happen, ask (to), choose, deserve…
Мисал: She decided to study. They hope to win.
B) Object + to-infinitive (V + sb + to V)
want/expect/ask/tell/allow/advise/encourage/force/invite/order/remind/warn
Мисал: I want you to help me. They told us to wait.
Пассив: be + V3 + to V → We were told to wait.
C) Adjective + to-infinitive
easy, hard, ready, likely, unlikely, eager, happy, glad, surprised, afraid, willing…
Мисал: It is easy to use. She is ready to start.
D) too / enough + to-infinitive
Мисал: too young to drive. old enough to vote.
E) Максат (purpose)
Мисал: I came to talk to you. Формалдуу/этият: in order to / so as to + V.
F) Question word + to-infinitive
what/which/when/where/how + to V
Мисал: Show me how to solve it. I don’t know what to say.
G) the first / the last / the only + to-infinitive
Мисал: She was the first to arrive. He is the only one to understand.
H) be + to-infinitive (шарт/план/расмий нускама)
Мисал: You are to submit by Friday. We were to meet at 6 (план бар эле).
Perfect/Continuous/Passive инфинитив
- to have + V3 (мурда бүткөн): seems to have finished
- to be + V-ing (процесс): appears to be working
- to be + V3 (пасив): is to be completed
- to have been + V3 / V-ing (айкалыштар сейрек, бирок экзамда жолугат)
J) Терс: not to + V
Мисал: He decided not to go.
Split infinitive (to + adverb + V): to actively participate — формалдуу стилде этият, экзамда адатта туура деп кабыл алынат.
Bare infinitive — качан колдонулат?
A) Modal этиштерден кийин
can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would, shall
Мисал: You must finish. (to finish)
B) Perception verbs (көрүп/угуп сезүү): see / hear / feel / watch / notice / observe
object + bare infinitive (жол-жобо бүт аракети):
Мисал: I saw him leave.
object + V-ing (процесс/узактык):
Мисал: I saw him leaving.
C) make / let / have (каузатив)
Мисал: They made me wait. She let us go. I had the mechanic check the brakes.
help: эки вариант тең мүмкүн — help do / help to do (экзамда экөө тең кабыл алынат).
D) had better / would rather / rather than
Мисал: You had better leave now. I would rather stay. …rather than wait.
E) Why not + V? / Why + V? (сунуш)
Мисал: Why not try again?
To-infinitive vs Gerund (V-ing) — кыска айырма
- Жалпы мааниси: Максат/ниет, бир жолку иш vs Жалпылык/тажрыйба/иш аракет өзү
- Мисал: I want to learn. vs I enjoy learning.
- remember/forget: to do = «кыла өткөр» (келечек милдет) vs doing = «кылып койгонуңду эстөө»
- stop: to do = башка иш үчүн токтоо vs doing = аракетти токтотуу
- try: to do = аракет кылуу vs doing = эксперимент кылып көрүү
Типтүү каталар → туурасы
- He made me to wait → He made me wait
- I can to help → I can help
- It’s important not go → It’s important not to go
- I look forward to meet → I look forward to meeting (бул жерде to — предлог)
Ыкчам шаблондор (эске сакта)
- V + to V: want/decide/plan/hope/agree/refuse/promise/learn…
- V + sb + to V: want/ask/tell/allow/expect/advise/encourage…
- Adj + to V: ready/easy/hard/likely/unlikely/willing…
- too/enough + to V; (in order) to V (purpose)
- Modal + V (bare)
- see/hear/watch/feel + object + V / V-ing
- make/let/have + object + V; help + V / to V
- had better / would rather + V; rather than + V
Мисалдар (экзамен стили)
- They plan to expand next year.
- We were told to wait outside.
- This tool is easy to use.
- He is too tired to continue. / strong enough to lift it
- I saw her cross the street. / I saw her crossing the street.
- She made me redo the task.
- You should practice more.
- Tell me what to do.
- He decided not to apply.
- The files are to be submitted by 18:00.
